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The Color of Death: Legacy of Agent Orange Still Plagues Vietnam After Decades of Peace_我的网站

一 |     On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。    　　8月25日早盘，两市震荡调整，猪肉概念逆势拉升，截至早间收盘，板块上涨1.71%，涨幅居概念板块前列。个股方面，金字火腿涨近6%，ST龙大涨超5%，西部牧业、大禹生物涨超4%，神农集团涨超3%，顺鑫农业、唐人神、温氏股份、克明食品、得利斯、新五丰、牧原股份、大北农等多股涨超2%。　　短期供给压力有所缓解　　消息方面，生猪价格近期已有所反弹。据博亚和讯数据，8月中旬全国外三元生猪均价从10.30元/公斤最高冲到11.27元/公斤，走出一轮8连涨；最近23个交易日小幅回调，但仍维持在11.11元的近期高位。

二 | 　　供应端是支撑当前猪价反弹的核心驱动力。前期能繁母猪存栏量持续去化的传导效应，正逐步在商品猪出栏端显现。截至2026年二季度末，全国能繁母猪存栏量已降至3780万头，距离3750万头的国家合理保有量目标仅一步之遥。

三 | 　　与此同时，生猪出栏体重呈现结构性下降。受夏季高温天气影响，生猪的日增重速度放缓，增重成本显著高于春秋季节。

四 | 行业已连续三个季度处于深度亏损状态，养殖端资金压力大幅增加，普遍放弃压栏增重，转而选择降重出栏以减少亏损。此外，政策端对二次育肥的严格管控使得大猪供应明显收缩、标肥价差收窄，有效缓解了短期供给压力。　　产能去化有望加速　　需求端方面，华龙期货指出，立秋后天气转凉，开学季备货和双节预期带动屠宰开工率低位回升，冻品库存周环比延续下滑。不过当前需求增量尚不足以驱动趋势性反转，短期猪价在标肥价差和压栏情绪支撑下仍具韧性，但8月下旬出栏压力释放和二育出栏窗口临近将限制上方空间。　　方正证券认为，从周期角度看，（生猪）产能去化有望进一步加速，拐点仍需等待。养殖端自繁自养亏损幅度明显扩大，行业现金流持续承压，能繁母猪产能去化稳步推进。

五 | 股价角度，悲观预期已较充分，板块具备安全边际。养殖板块经历前期调整，当前估值处于历史低位。　　A股方面，自6月25日创下年内低点至今，申万生猪养殖板块已累计反弹超16%，11只成分股中10只上涨，仅京基智农1股下跌。上涨成分股中，神农集团涨幅最大，超28%；牧原股份次之，涨超22%；温氏股份、新五丰、东瑞股份、巨星农牧、天邦食品等6股均涨超10%。

六 | （文章来源：东方财富研究中心）。

七 |

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